Following more than two decades of research, field trials, and risk assessment by multiple organizations, on 29 January, the Nigerian Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) approved the commercial release of the resulting genetically modified cowpea to farmers in Nigeria. This places the country on the path to becoming the first country ever to cultivate biotech cowpea. This development adds a new crop to the global biotech basket from Africa.
NBMA’s approval allows the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) to commercially release Pod Borer-Resistant Cowpea (PBR Cowpea)-event AAT709A, genetically improved to resist Maruca vitrata. This permit is valid until the end of 2022. The release provides a relief to millions of Nigerian farmers who depend on cowpea for food and income, as well as the consumers of cowpea.
Leena Tripathi, IITA Principal Scientist in Plant Biotechnology, expressed delight stating, “This is indeed good news for IITA and Nigeria at large, as the first GM food crop will be available for commercialization.”
Cowpea is an important staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa, serving human consumption needs as well as being a good source of quality fodder for livestock. However, cowpea farmers face a challenge with a traditionally low yield factor due to its susceptibility to many insect pests at different stages of its production lifecycle. As a result, if farmers want to get a good yield they need to apply multiple insecticide sprays during the course of the production in the fields.
One of the most damaging insect pests that attack the cowpea plant is the Maruca vitrata, commonly called the maruca pod borer, which causes 70–90% yield loss for farmers. Due to high costs and, sometimes, unavailability of suitable insecticides, many cowpea farmers resort to harmful cotton insecticides to spray cowpea fields. This has unfortunately led to significant numbers of intoxication and deaths.
IITA, which has cowpea as one of its m andate crops, along with other research partners, decided to focus on developing an improved cowpea variety that would be resistant to maruca. To achieve this, more than 15,000 cowpea varieties in the IITA germplasm bank were evaluated for resistance to maruca.
Giving an overview on the project, IITA Legume Geneticist and Breeder Christian Fatokun stated that the researchers also evaluated wild relatives of cowpea and although a gene from one of the species called Vigna vexillata was identified to be resistant to maruca, crossing this to cowpea proved unsuccessful.
With the lack of success of conventional breeding for resistance, the collaborators on the project decided to adopt a biotech approach that would result in genetically modified cowpea.
Previous research using a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to confer resistance in maize crops had proved quite successful and some of the Bt gene strains have been found to be resistant to maruca.
With genes provided by Monsanto and initial phases of product development conducted at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia, significant milestones were achieved in developing cowpea lines expressing the Bt (Cry1Ab) gene that confers resistance to maruca pests. The successes graduated to confined field trials (CFT) which were conducted successfully at IAR in Zaria, Nigeria.
Results from the research have shown that Bt cowpea will reduce the use of pesticides from eight sprays per season to about two targeted sprays and increase yield by up to 20%. This means that Nigeria will record a revenue increase of more than ₦48 billion (US$132 million) annually from cowpea. Extensive safety studies have shown that the Bt cowpea is safe for both human and livestock consumption.
The research was led by IAR in partnership with the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) to which Monsanto licensed the Bt gene for use in the project. Other collaborators include Purdue University, USA, CSIRO, Australia, Network for Genetic Improvement of Cowpea for Africa (NGICA), the IFPRI-facilitated Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS), and IITA with support from Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international (USAID).
In a document dated 22 January 2019, NBMA stated that it issued the permit after taking into consideration the advice of National Biosafety Committee, National Biosafety Technical subcommittee, and the risk assessment and risk management report provided by IAR. “After a thorough analysis of the application dossier which included Risk Assessment and Risk Management Plan prepared in connection with assessment of the application, it is unlikely that the proposed release will have an adverse impact on the environment and human health,” read part of the document.
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