IITA and Spanish ecologists advance understanding of avian diseases in Afrotropical urban and non-urban habitats

.tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="8b833fa320c85bcbd7d5de089d803eff"] { padding: 25px; } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="8b833fa320c85bcbd7d5de089d803eff"] > .tb-container-inner { max-width: 780px; } .tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.5fr) minmax(0, 0.5fr);grid-auto-flow: row } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(2n + 1) { grid-column: 1 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(2n + 2) { grid-column: 2 } .tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end}.wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column.tb-grid-column[data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="3034fbe886c11054e95b46b09d3e4112"] { display: flex; } .tb-field[data-toolset-blocks-field="6ef912b43e7f8c6d08e12b5624961c12"] { text-align: left; }  .tb-social-share__network{display:inline-block;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;margin-right:7px;margin-bottom:7px}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__facebook__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#3b5998;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__linkedin__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#007fb1;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__twitter__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#00aced;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__pinterest__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#cb2128;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__telegram__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#37aee2;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__reddit__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#5f99cf;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__viber__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#7c529e;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__email__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#7f7f7f;}.tb-social-share--round .SocialMediaShareButton{border-radius:50%}.tb-social-share__excerpt{display:none}.tb-social-share .SocialMediaShareButton--disabled{opacity:0.65} .tb-social-share[data-toolset-blocks-social-share="f28af4114170166aa5e7e98789138ad1"] { text-align: left; } .tb-social-share[data-toolset-blocks-social-share="f28af4114170166aa5e7e98789138ad1"] .SocialMediaShareButton { width: 32px;height: 32px; } .tb-field[data-toolset-blocks-field="7a210564af282d29b60f5b77eb9bf5e4"] { text-align: left;margin-top: 50px; }  .tb-field[data-toolset-blocks-field="8452329684563321e35250a7a9d50381"] { font-style: italic;text-align: center;padding-top: 0px;margin-top: 0px; }  .tb-field[data-toolset-blocks-field="a322ac1b7b2d4fce52a001db9bc50f29"] { font-size: 32px;font-family: Oswald;font-weight: bold;line-height: 40px;letter-spacing: -1px;text-transform: uppercase;text-align: center;color: rgba( 17, 17, 17, 1 );margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 0px; }  .tb-field[data-toolset-blocks-field="a322ac1b7b2d4fce52a001db9bc50f29"] a { font-family: Raleway;font-size: 42px;font-weight: regular; } @media only screen and (max-width: 781px) { .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto}.tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.5fr) minmax(0, 0.5fr);grid-auto-flow: row } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(2n + 1) { grid-column: 1 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(2n + 2) { grid-column: 2 } .tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end}.wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column.tb-grid-column[data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="3034fbe886c11054e95b46b09d3e4112"] { display: flex; }  .tb-social-share__network{display:inline-block;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;margin-right:7px;margin-bottom:7px}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__facebook__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#3b5998;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__linkedin__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#007fb1;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__twitter__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#00aced;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__pinterest__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#cb2128;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__telegram__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#37aee2;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__reddit__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#5f99cf;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__viber__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#7c529e;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__email__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#7f7f7f;}.tb-social-share--round .SocialMediaShareButton{border-radius:50%}.tb-social-share__excerpt{display:none}.tb-social-share .SocialMediaShareButton--disabled{opacity:0.65}    } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto}.tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"] { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);grid-auto-flow: row } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"]  > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(1n+1) { grid-column: 1 } .tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end}.wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column.tb-grid-column[data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="3034fbe886c11054e95b46b09d3e4112"] { display: flex; }  .tb-social-share__network{display:inline-block;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;margin-right:7px;margin-bottom:7px}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__facebook__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#3b5998;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__linkedin__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#007fb1;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__twitter__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#00aced;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__pinterest__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#cb2128;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__telegram__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#37aee2;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__reddit__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#5f99cf;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__viber__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#7c529e;}.tb-social-share--092 .tb-social-share__email__share-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;background-size:contain;background-color:#7f7f7f;}.tb-social-share--round .SocialMediaShareButton{border-radius:50%}.tb-social-share__excerpt{display:none}.tb-social-share .SocialMediaShareButton--disabled{opacity:0.65}    } 

IITA and Spanish ecologists advance understanding of avian diseases in Afrotropical urban and non-urban habitats

29 janvier 2026

Dr Adewale Awoyemi collecting a blood sample from the brachial vein of a calm Simple Leaflove (Chlorocichla simplex) in Ado-Ekiti on 16 September 2023. The sample was taken to screen for haemosporidian parasites as part of data collection for the present study. — Dr Adewale Awoyemi collecting a blood sample from the brachial vein of a calm Simple Leaflove (Chlorocichla simplex) in Ado-Ekiti on 16

A new étudier, led by four scientists from Nigeria and Spain, is shedding light on how rapid urbanization in Africa is reshaping wildlife health, particularly among bird communities. The research—conducted by Dr Adewale Awoyemi, IITA Forest Center Manager, and colleagues from the University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Spain, and A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Nigeria—provides detailed assessments of avian haemosporidian parasites across urban and non-urban landscapes in southern Nigeria. Haemosporidians are a diverse group of blood parasites, including Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, et Leucocytozoon, that affect bird species globally. Yet, knowledge of their distribution and impact in the Afrotropics has remained limited, especially in fast-growing urban environments. Recognizing this gap, the research team screened 95 birds representing 31 different species across three sites in southwest Nigeria (Ado, Ibadan, and Lagos) to compare infection patterns between urban and non-urban areas, during both dry and wet seasons.

Pie charts showing the geographic (A) and avian host (B) distribution of Haemoproteus lineages found in birds sampled in the study. The asterisks show the birds examined in the study. The number of infected birds from the study is displayed near each pie chart.

Le findings reveal a complex and dynamic picture of host–parasite interactions in the region. Overall, 36.8% of sampled birds tested positive for haemosporidian infection. Notably, Haemoproteus infections were significantly more common in urban birds, with all detected Haemoproteus lineages occurring exclusively in urban habitats. In contrast, most Plasmodium lineages—responsible for avian malaria—were found only in non-urban environments, while Leucocytozoon infections showed no major differences between habitat types. Beyond highlighting habitat-related differences, the study expands scientific knowledge of parasite diversity in the Afrotropics. The researchers recorded two lineages—hPYNJOC1 (Haemoproteus) and pLUME2 (Plasmodium)—for the first time in the region. They also added new host species (Common Bulbul, Village Weaver, African Thrush, Blue-spotted Wood Dove, and Green Hylia) for more Haemoproteus and Plasmodium lineages, significantly enriching global databases used to understand the ecology and evolution of avian diseases. These discoveries come at a crucial moment. Africa is urbanizing at one of the fastest rates in the world, transforming habitats and altering ecological interactions that underpin biodiversity. The study underscores how human-driven landscape changes can reshape patterns of disease transmission in wildlife—sometimes in unexpected ways. As cities expand, exposure to certain parasites may increase for some bird species while others become less common, with potential implications for conservation, ecosystem health, and urban planning. The authors emphasize the need for continued research and surveillance, especially since haemosporidian parasites exhibit a wide range of effects, from benign infections to severe illness and population decline. Understanding how these parasites respond to environmental change is critical for managing risks to both wildlife and, indirectly, human populations. The study highlights IITA’s growing contribution to biodiversity and urban ecology research in Nigeria. It also strengthens the role of the IITA Forest Center as a hub for cutting-edge ecological studies informing conservation and sustainable development across Africa. Link to paper: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100330 À propos du Centre Forestier de l'IITA IITA Forest Center manages and utilizes forest resources for conservation, research, and education. The 350 hectares of Forest Reserve within the IITA-Ibadan’s 1000-hectare land support biodiversity and diverse habitats. IITA Forest is a haven for birds and is designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. The IITA Forest Center has recorded remarkable successes in the propagation and conservation of over 100 native tree species in the Tree Heritage Park, with approximately half these species already listed as Red-Listed by the IUCN. In January 2022, the THP was awarded a Level II Accreditation by The ArbNet Arboretum Accreditation Program and The Morton Arboretum. The IITA Forest supports over 450 plant species, 272 birds, 236 butterflies, 48 mammals, and 28 reptiles. Contributed by Folake Oduntan

Related Stories:

Contribué par

Nouvelles connexes

Aucun article trouvé

NOUVELLES DE L'IITA

Laisser un commentaire Annuler la réponse

Laisser un commentaire Annuler la réponse

Olaosebikan, Olamide