Farming Systems Agronomy Program
Why Farming Systems Agronomy
Better agronomy for farmer decisions
IITA’s Farming Systems Agronomy (FSA) Program develops and scales locally adapted solutions that help farmers increase productivity, improve profitability, and use land, water, nutrients and other resources more efficiently.
The program combines field research, soil and climate data, crop modelling, digital tools and farmer knowledge to understand why yields remain below their potential and to identify what works in specific farming environments. We then work with national research systems, governments, private-sector partners and digital advisory platforms to turn that evidence into practical recommendations farmers can use.
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Why better agronomy matters
Farmers have different soils, rainfall, crops, markets, labour requirements and access to inputs. FSA recommendations account for these differences in addressing yield gaps, declining soil fertility and climate variability.
Our approach
Understand: Identify the soil, climate, management, and socioeconomic factors limiting productivity in specific farming environments.
Develop: Combine Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM), cropping-system research, long-term experiments, crop modelling data and farmer knowledge to test locally appropriate solutions
Scale: Work with farmers, national research systems, governments, private-sector actors and advisory providers to validate and deliver recommendations through extension and digital services.
Geographic Reach
FSA works across diverse farming environments in Africa, adapting agronomic solutions to local soils, climates, crops and farming systems.
West Africa Hub (Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, Togo, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Sierra Leone),
Central Africa Hub (DRC, Burundi, Rwanda),
East Africa Hub (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Comoros),
Southern Africa Hub (Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Madagascar)
Objectives
- Close yield gaps and enhance agronomic gain through the development and validation of locally adapted agronomic practices that increase crop productivity, profitability, resource-use efficiency, and resilience.
- Design and improve productive, diverse and resilient cropping systems by optimizing crop combinations, rotations, intercropping, planting arrangements, crop and variety choices, and management practices suited to different farming environments.
- Improve soil fertility, soil health and nutrient-use efficiency through Integrated Soil Fertility Management, combining inorganic and organic nutrient sources, improved germplasm, biological inputs, and site-specific management.
- Advance data-driven and site-specific agronomy by integrating field experiments, long-term trials, environmental and socioeconomic data, crop modelling, machine learning and AI to quantify and understand yield gaps and generate localized agronomic recommendations.
- Co-develop, validate and scale agronomic innovations and agro-advisories with farmers, national research systems, private-sector actors, NGOs and digital advisory platforms, translating agronomic science into actionable decisions that improve farming-system performance.
Focus Areas
Productive and resilient farming systems
Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM)
Develop and adapt integrated approaches that combine inorganic and organic nutrient sources, improved germplasm, soil health management and locally adapted agronomic practices to improve soil fertility, nutrient-use efficiency, crop productivity and profitability within site-specific contexts.
Cropping Systems Design and Diversification
Design and optimize productive and diverse cropping systems through rotations, intercropping, crop associations, planting arrangements and input combinations. This includes integration of legumes, roots and tubers, indigenous and alternative crops to improve productivity, resource-use efficiency and overall system performance.
Climate-Resilient Agronomy
Develop and evaluate agronomic strategies that improve the resilience of crops and farming systems to climate variability and change, including resilient varieties, optimized planting dates, climate-informed crop management, diversification and adaptive management practices.
Evidence and decision intelligence
Yield Gap Analysis and Agronomic Gain
Identify and quantify the biophysical, management and socioeconomic factors driving yield gaps, and develop agronomic interventions that sustainably narrow the difference between current and attainable yields while increasing agronomic gain, profitability and resource-use efficiency.
Data-Driven Agronomy, Modelling and Decision Intelligence
Integrate field experiments, long-term experiments, soil, weather and geospatial data, remote sensing, crop models, machine learning and AI to understand farming-system performance, predict agronomic responses and generate site-specific recommendations across diverse environments.
From evidence to action
Agronomic Decision Support and Scaling
Translate research into localized agro-advisories and decision-support solutions that support farmer decisions on nutrients, crops and varieties, planting, soil health and cropping systems. FSA works with national research systems, farmers, private-sector actors, NGOs and digital platforms to co-develop, validate, deliver and scale agronomic innovations.
Where FSA Fits
Farming Systems Agronomy (FSA) connects agronomic science across IITA’s research portfolio and translates it into practical, context-specific farming-system recommendations. It integrates soil, crops, climate, data, management practices and farmer decision-making, linking field evidence with advisory services and scaling partners. FSA also contributes to several CGIAR Science Programs and Accelerators, connecting research, innovation, and delivery to improve agricultural productivity, profitability and resilience.
CGIAR Science Programs
- Sustainable Farming: FSA’s primary alignment, advancing integrated soil fertility management, farming-system innovations, agronomic research and localized recommendations to improve productivity, profitability and resilience.
- Breeding for Tomorrow: Evaluating improved varieties under diverse farming conditions and developing complementary agronomic practices to maximize genetic gains.
- Climate Action: Developing and validating climate-smart agronomic practices, climate-risk assessments and adaptation recommendations.
- Multifunctional Landscapes: Advancing sustainable soil and land management, resource-use efficiency and farming practices that support ecosystem health.
- Scaling for Impact: Working with national institutions, extension services and private-sector partners to validate, deliver and scale proven agronomic innovations.
CGIAR Accelerators
- Digital Transformation: Developing AI-ready agronomic datasets, predictive models and digital decision-support tools that generate context-specific farming recommendations.
- Capacity Sharing: Strengthening national research, extension and private-sector partners’ capacity to develop, validate and deliver agronomic innovations.
- Gender Equality and Inclusion: Integrating gender-responsive and inclusive approaches into agronomic research, co-design and advisory delivery to improve access and adoption among women, youth and underserved farmers.
GEOGRAPHIC REACH
Key Projects and Initiatives
AKILIMO
Turning agronomic evidence into farm-level decisions: AKILIMO provides site-specific recommendations for cassava production, including fertilizer, planting, weed management and intercropping.
The Regional Hub for Fertilizer and Soil Health for West Africa and the Sahel
Building better nutrient-management systems: FSA contributes field evidence, data and modelling to locally adapted fertilizer and soil-health recommendations across West Africa and the Sahel.
Food Systems Resilience Program (FSRP) — Sierra Leone
Generating evidence for better fertilizer use: Nutrient omission and lime × fertilizer trials assess crop nutrient requirements and responses under different soil and production conditions.
BioSSA
Making biological inputs work for farmers: Research tests bio-inputs for nutrient availability, crop productivity and profitability.
Accelerated Innovation Delivery Initiative (AID-I)
Taking agronomic innovations to scale: Partner delivery systems connect locally adapted agricultural solutions with farmer use.
Impact at a Glance
4 Long-Term (21+ years) Experimental sites (2005-2026)
Generating long-term evidence on Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM), soil health and productivity in contrasting farming systems in Kenya.
6,000+ Agronomic field experiments (1990-2026)
Field experiments generating crop- and location-specific agronomic evidence, including through nutrient omission trials (NOTs), and corresponding field trials testing and validating nutrient management recommendations, cropping systems, varieties, planting practices, and other agronomic interventions under local conditions.
25,000+ Soil samples collected (1990 -2026)
Building the evidence base for soil fertility and soil-health assessment and site-specific nutrient management across Africa.
2 million+ AI-ready data points Research datasets (1990-2026)
Aggregated from 3,000+ IITA, CGIAR wide and datasets (agronomy, socio-economic and breeding) supporting agronomic research, modelling, targeting and decision support.
3 Million+ Smallholder farmers reached with agronomic advisories (1990-2026)
Localized agronomic and farming systems recommendations delivered through local extension officers, digital agriculture platforms (e.g. AKILIMO, AgWise) and Partner Digital Advisory Systems (Solidaridad- Kvuno Systems).
IMPACT CASES
Farmers recount the benefits of AKILIMO in cassava production
The outgrower farmers of Psaltry International Limited (PIL) have started experiencing the positive impact of the AKILIMO tools from the African Cassava Agronomy Initiative (ACAI). Multiple success stories have emerged in relation to the use of the tools. Learn more
Smart farming of cassava with focus on integrated soil fertility management increases yield by 60% in Tanzania
Preliminary results from an ongoing study by IITA in Tanzania have shown an increase of nearly 60% in cassava yield which translates to a 30% increase in income for farmers. Learn more
IITA–AALI–Virunga Foundation pilot project boosts agricultural productivity for smallholder farmers in North Kivu
Smallholder farmers in Lubero territory, North Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, are witnessing significant improvements in their harvests and agricultural practices… Learn more
Related Publications
- Determinants of Soybean Yield-Enhancing Technology Adoption by Smallholder Soybean Farmers in Northern and Upper East Regions of Ghana
- Fostering inclusivity: factors influencing women cocoa farmers’ access to agricultural extension services in Ghana
- The potential to increase maize yields and mitigate climate change by adopting integrated soil fertility management across different regions in Kenya — A simulation study
- Limited effect of organic matter addition on stabilised organic carbon in four tropical arable soils
- The importance of strengthening the research base and evaluation of climate change mitigation outcomes associated with cropping practices: Comment
- The ongoing journey of modelling intercropping systems: A conceptual resource sharing intercomparison from model developers and expert users
- Maize-bean row intercropping in Rwanda: labor constraints limit application despite nutritional and economic benefits
- Fertilizer and soil health for sustained crop production in sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and conceptual framework
- Profitability and cost-effectiveness of cowpea seed production and delivery systems: Evidence from Nigeria and Ghana
- Does Farmer Group Membership Improve Technology Adoption and Household Welfare? Evidence From Tanzania
- Rural households’ vulnerability to drought and implications for resilience: Insights from Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa
- Agronomic practices for climate-resilient okra production in agroecological systems: a review
- Agronomic levers to increase maize and soybean productivity across the Chinyanja Triangle, southern Africa
- Soil health forecasting: Exploring pathways toward integration in digital agronomic advisory for sustainable soil management
- A comparison of observed and perceived seasonal climate regimes in a rural socio-ecological system in the northeastern South Africa
- CY-Bench: a comprehensive benchmark dataset for sub-national crop yield forecasting
- National 10-m soybean maps for South Africa from 2018 to 2025
- Observer, prédire et expliquer la sécurité alimentaire
- Harnessing Digital Twin (DT) Technology for Food Security and Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
- Physicochemical properties of soils drive floristic richness of pastures in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
- Beyond the average: understanding the heterogeneity of environmental impacts of green coffee in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Related News

Smart farming of cassava with focus on integrated soil fertility management increases yield by 60% in Tanzania
Preliminary results from an ongoing study by IITA in Tanzania have shown an increase of nearly 60% in cassava yield which translates to a 30% increase in income for farmers.

From research to the farmer’s field: IITA showcases promising soybean and cowpea varieties in Zaria
IITA–CGIAR has showcased promising soybean and cowpea varieties at its research farm in Samaru, Zaria,

CGIAR Council Chair explores IITA innovations driving agricultural transformation across Africa
The Chair of the CGIAR Council, Renaud Seligmann, paid his first learning visit to IITA–CGIAR on
Our Team
Data Specialist, Agronomic Decision Support Systems- Regional Hub for Fertilizer and Soil Health
Connect with FSA
Partner with FSA to co-design research, validate agronomic solutions and strengthen advisory delivery. Explore the research and knowledge section for publications and evidence. Connect with the program lead and FSA scientists listed above to discuss collaboration.
Partnerships and Collaboration
FSA works with governments, national agricultural research systems, universities, development organisations, private-sector companies and advisory providers to generate location-specific agronomic evidence; test and validate technologies and practices; strengthen national advisory systems; develop decision-support tools; build research and technical capacity; and scale proven solutions.
- National agricultural research systems (NARS)
Examples include KALRO (Kenya), ZARI (Zambia), DARS (Malawi), IIAM (Mozambique), CSIR-SRI (Ghana), ITRA (Togo), SLARI (Sierra Leone), CARI (Liberia), and IER (Mali). - Universities and Advanced Research Institutions: University of California, Davis; University of Melbourne; Rothamsted Research; University of Nottingham; University of Warwick; University College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin; Tokyo University of Agriculture; Kyoto University; University of Hamburg; Stockholm University; University of Illinois; University of Bergen; University of Galway; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; LUANAR; UNZA; Kenyatta University; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology; CIRAD and others.
- Government and climate-service institutions
FSA collaborates with government ministries, extension services, and national meteorological institutions, including the Kenya Meteorological Department, to connect agronomic science with national agricultural and climate-information systems. - Development, delivery, and private-sector partners: Partners such as Solidaridad, Good Nature Agro, and farmer-facing digital service providers support co-development, dissemination, implementation, and scaling of validated agronomic recommendations.
- Donors: Gates Foundation; USAID; Norad; QFFD; Netherlands/DGIS; African Development Bank; European Union; World Bank; CGIAR Trust Fund; OCP Africa